Gowhich

import * as _ from "lodash";
_.padStart("Hello TypeScript!", 20, " ");

_.padStart("Hello TypeScript!", 20, " ");

// Type definitions for [~THE LIBRARY NAME~] [~OPTIONAL VERSION NUMBER~]
// Project: [~THE PROJECT NAME~]
// Definitions by: [~YOUR NAME~] <[~A URL FOR YOU~]>

/*~ This is the global-modifying module template file. You should rename it to index.d.ts
 *~ and place it in a folder with the same name as the module.
 *~ For example, if you were writing a file for "super-greeter", this
 *~ file should be 'super-greeter/index.d.ts'
 */

/*~ Note: If your global-modifying module is callable or constructable, you'll
 *~ need to combine the patterns here with those in the module-class or module-function
 *~ template files
 */
declare global {
    /*~ Here, declare things that go in the global namespace, or augment
     *~ existing declarations in the global namespace
     */
    interface String {
        fancyFormat(opts: StringFormatOptions): string;
    }
}

/*~ If your module exports types or values, write them as usual */
export interface StringFormatOptions {
    fancinessLevel: number;
}

/*~ For example, declaring a method on the module (in addition to its global side effects) */
export function doSomething(): void;

/*~ If your module exports nothing, you'll need this line. Otherwise, delete it */
export { };

// Type definitions for [~THE LIBRARY NAME~] [~OPTIONAL VERSION NUMBER~]
// Project: [~THE PROJECT NAME~]
// Definitions by: [~YOUR NAME~] <[~A URL FOR YOU~]>

/*~ This template shows how to write a global plugin. */

/*~ Write a declaration for the original type and add new members.
 *~ For example, this adds a 'toBinaryString' method with to overloads to
 *~ the built-in number type.
 */
interface Number {
    toBinaryString(opts?: MyLibrary.BinaryFormatOptions): string;
    toBinaryString(callback: MyLibrary.BinaryFormatCallback, opts?: MyLibrary.BinaryFormatOptions): string;
}

/*~ If you need to declare several types, place them inside a namespace
 *~ to avoid adding too many things to the global namespace.
 */
declare namespace MyLibrary {
    type BinaryFormatCallback = (n: number) => string;
    interface BinaryFormatOptions {
        prefix?: string;
        padding: number;
    }
}

// Type definitions for [~THE LIBRARY NAME~] [~OPTIONAL VERSION NUMBER~]
// Project: [~THE PROJECT NAME~]
// Definitions by: [~YOUR NAME~] <[~A URL FOR YOU~]>

/*~ If this library is callable (e.g. can be invoked as myLib(3)),
 *~ include those call signatures here.
 *~ Otherwise, delete this section.
 */
declare function myLib(a: string): string;
declare function myLib(a: number): number;

/*~ If you want the name of this library to be a valid type name,
 *~ you can do so here.
 *~
 *~ For example, this allows us to write 'var x: myLib';
 *~ Be sure this actually makes sense! If it doesn't, just
 *~ delete this declaration and add types inside the namespace below.
 */
interface myLib {
    name: string;
    length: number;
    extras?: string[];
}

/*~ If your library has properties exposed on a global variable,
 *~ place them here.
 *~ You should also place types (interfaces and type alias) here.
 */
declare namespace myLib {
    //~ We can write 'myLib.timeout = 50;'
    let timeout: number;

    //~ We can access 'myLib.version', but not change it
    const version: string;

    //~ There's some class we can create via 'let c = new myLib.Cat(42)'
    //~ Or reference e.g. 'function f(c: myLib.Cat) { ... }
    class Cat {
        constructor(n: number);

        //~ We can read 'c.age' from a 'Cat' instance
        readonly age: number;

        //~ We can invoke 'c.purr()' from a 'Cat' instance
        purr(): void;
    }

    //~ We can declare a variable as
    //~   'var s: myLib.CatSettings = { weight: 5, name: "Maru" };'
    interface CatSettings {
        weight: number;
        name: string;
        tailLength?: number;
    }

    //~ We can write 'const v: myLib.VetID = 42;'
    //~  or 'const v: myLib.VetID = "bob";'
    type VetID = string | number;

    //~ We can invoke 'myLib.checkCat(c)' or 'myLib.checkCat(c, v);'
    function checkCat(c: Cat, s?: VetID);
}

// Type definitions for [~THE LIBRARY NAME~] [~OPTIONAL VERSION NUMBER~]
// Project: [~THE PROJECT NAME~]
// Definitions by: [~YOUR NAME~] <[~A URL FOR YOU~]>

/*~ This is the module template file for class modules.
 *~ You should rename it to index.d.ts and place it in a folder with the same name as the module.
 *~ For example, if you were writing a file for "super-greeter", this
 *~ file should be 'super-greeter/index.d.ts'
 */

/*~ Note that ES6 modules cannot directly export class objects.
 *~ This file should be imported using the CommonJS-style:
 *~   import x = require('someLibrary');
 *~
 *~ Refer to the documentation to understand common
 *~ workarounds for this limitation of ES6 modules.
 */

/*~ If this module is a UMD module that exposes a global variable 'myClassLib' when
 *~ loaded outside a module loader environment, declare that global here.
 *~ Otherwise, delete this declaration.
 */
export as namespace myClassLib;

/*~ This declaration specifies that the class constructor function
 *~ is the exported object from the file
 */
export = MyClass;

/*~ Write your module's methods and properties in this class */
declare class MyClass {
    constructor(someParam?: string);

    someProperty: string[];

    myMethod(opts: MyClass.MyClassMethodOptions): number;
}

/*~ If you want to expose types from your module as well, you can
 *~ place them in this block.
 */
declare namespace MyClass {
    export interface MyClassMethodOptions {
        width?: number;
        height?: number;
    }
}

// Type definitions for [~THE LIBRARY NAME~] [~OPTIONAL VERSION NUMBER~]
// Project: [~THE PROJECT NAME~]
// Definitions by: [~YOUR NAME~] <[~A URL FOR YOU~]>

/*~ This is the module template file for function modules.
 *~ You should rename it to index.d.ts and place it in a folder with the same name as the module.
 *~ For example, if you were writing a file for "super-greeter", this
 *~ file should be 'super-greeter/index.d.ts'
 */

/*~ Note that ES6 modules cannot directly export callable functions.
 *~ This file should be imported using the CommonJS-style:
 *~   import x = require('someLibrary');
 *~
 *~ Refer to the documentation to understand common
 *~ workarounds for this limitation of ES6 modules.
 */

/*~ If this module is a UMD module that exposes a global variable 'myFuncLib' when
 *~ loaded outside a module loader environment, declare that global here.
 *~ Otherwise, delete this declaration.
 */
export as namespace myFuncLib;

/*~ This declaration specifies that the function
 *~ is the exported object from the file
 */
export = MyFunction;

/*~ This example shows how to have multiple overloads for your function */
declare function MyFunction(name: string): MyFunction.NamedReturnType;
declare function MyFunction(length: number): MyFunction.LengthReturnType;

/*~ If you want to expose types from your module as well, you can
 *~ place them in this block. Often you will want to describe the
 *~ shape of the return type of the function; that type should
 *~ be declared in here, as this example shows.
 */
declare namespace MyFunction {
    export interface LengthReturnType {
        width: number;
        height: number;
    }
    export interface NamedReturnType {
        firstName: string;
        lastName: string;
    }

    /*~ If the module also has properties, declare them here. For example,
     *~ this declaration says that this code is legal:
     *~   import f = require('myFuncLibrary');
     *~   console.log(f.defaultName);
     */
    export const defaultName: string;
    export let defaultLength: number;
}

// Type definitions for [~THE LIBRARY NAME~] [~OPTIONAL VERSION NUMBER~]
// Project: [~THE PROJECT NAME~]
// Definitions by: [~YOUR NAME~] <[~A URL FOR YOU~]>

/*~ This is the module plugin template file. You should rename it to index.d.ts
 *~ and place it in a folder with the same name as the module.
 *~ For example, if you were writing a file for "super-greeter", this
 *~ file should be 'super-greeter/index.d.ts'
 */

/*~ On this line, import the module which this module adds to */
import * as m from 'someModule';

/*~ You can also import other modules if needed */
import * as other from 'anotherModule';

/*~ Here, declare the same module as the one you imported above */
declare module 'someModule' {
    /*~ Inside, add new function, classes, or variables. You can use
     *~ unexported types from the original module if needed. */
    export function theNewMethod(x: m.foo): other.bar;

    /*~ You can also add new properties to existing interfaces from
     *~ the original module by writing interface augmentations */
    export interface SomeModuleOptions {
        someModuleSetting?: string;
    }

    /*~ New types can also be declared and will appear as if they
     *~ are in the original module */
    export interface MyModulePluginOptions {
        size: number;
    }
}

// Type definitions for [~THE LIBRARY NAME~] [~OPTIONAL VERSION NUMBER~]
// Project: [~THE PROJECT NAME~]
// Definitions by: [~YOUR NAME~] <[~A URL FOR YOU~]>

/*~ This is the module template file. You should rename it to index.d.ts
 *~ and place it in a folder with the same name as the module.
 *~ For example, if you were writing a file for "super-greeter", this
 *~ file should be 'super-greeter/index.d.ts'
 */

/*~ If this module is a UMD module that exposes a global variable 'myLib' when
 *~ loaded outside a module loader environment, declare that global here.
 *~ Otherwise, delete this declaration.
 */
export as namespace myLib;

/*~ If this module has methods, declare them as functions like so.
 */
export function myMethod(a: string): string;
export function myOtherMethod(a: number): number;

/*~ You can declare types that are available via importing the module */
export interface someType {
    name: string;
    length: number;
    extras?: string[];
}

/*~ You can declare properties of the module using const, let, or var */
export const myField: number;

/*~ If there are types, properties, or methods inside dotted names
 *~ of the module, declare them inside a 'namespace'.
 */
export namespace subProp {
    /*~ For example, given this definition, someone could write:
     *~   import { subProp } from 'yourModule';
     *~   subProp.foo();
     *~ or
     *~   import * as yourMod from 'yourModule';
     *~   yourMod.subProp.foo();
     */
    export function foo(): void;
}

export var SomeVar: { a: SomeType };
export interface SomeType {
  count: number;
}

import * as foo from './foo';
let x: foo.SomeType = foo.SomeVar.a;
console.log(x.count);

export var Bar: { a: Bar };
export interface Bar {
  count: number;
}

import { Bar } from './foo';  
let x: Bar = Bar.a;  
console.log(x.count);  
````

同样，我们在这里使用Bar作为类型和值。请注意，我们不必将Bar值声明为Bar类型 - 它们是独立的。

**高级组合**

某些类型的声明可以跨多个声明组合。例如，类C {}和接口C {}可以共存，并且都为C类型提供属性。

只要它不会产生冲突，这是合法的。一般的经验法则是值总是与同名的其他值冲突，除非它们被声明为名称空间，如果使用类型别名声明（type s = string）声明类型，则类型将发生冲突，并且名称空间永远不会发生冲突。

让我们看看如何使用它。

*使用interface添加*

我们可以使用另一个接口声明向接口添加其他成员：

```ts
interface Foo {
  x: number;
}
// ... elsewhere ...
interface Foo {
  y: number;
}
let a: Foo = ...;
console.log(a.x + a.y); // OK

class Foo {
  x: number;
}
// ... elsewhere ...
interface Foo {
  y: number;
}
let a: Foo = ...;
console.log(a.x + a.y); // OK

class C {
}
// ... elsewhere ...
namespace C {
  export let x: number;
}
let y = C.x; // OK

class C {
}
// ... elsewhere ...
namespace C {
  export interface D { }
}
let y: C.D; // OK

namespace X {
  export interface Y { }
  export class Z { }
}

// ... elsewhere ...
namespace X {
  export var Y: number;
  export namespace Z {
    export class C { }
  }
}
type X = string;

/* WRONG */
function reverse(s: String): String;

/* OK */
function reverse(s: string): string;

/* WRONG */
function fn(x: () => any) {
    x();
}

/* OK */
function fn(x: () => void) {
    x();
}

function fn(x: () => void) {
    var k = x(); // oops! meant to do something else
    k.doSomething(); // error, but would be OK if the return type had been 'any'
}

/* WRONG */
interface Fetcher {
    getObject(done: (data: any, elapsedTime?: number) => void): void;
}

/* OK */
interface Fetcher {
    getObject(done: (data: any, elapsedTime: number) => void): void;
}

/* WRONG */
declare function beforeAll(action: () => void, timeout?: number): void;
declare function beforeAll(action: (done: DoneFn) => void, timeout?: number): void;

/* OK */
declare function beforeAll(action: (done: DoneFn) => void, timeout?: number): void;

/* WRONG */
declare function fn(x: any): any;
declare function fn(x: HTMLElement): number;
declare function fn(x: HTMLDivElement): string;

var myElem: HTMLDivElement;
var x = fn(myElem); // x: any, wat?

/* OK */
declare function fn(x: HTMLDivElement): string;
declare function fn(x: HTMLElement): number;
declare function fn(x: any): any;

var myElem: HTMLDivElement;
var x = fn(myElem); // x: string, :)

/* WRONG */
interface Example {
    diff(one: string): number;
    diff(one: string, two: string): number;
    diff(one: string, two: string, three: boolean): number;
}

/* OK */
interface Example {
    diff(one: string, two?: string, three?: boolean): number;
}

function fn(x: (a: string, b: number, c: number) => void) { }
var x: Example;
// When written with overloads, OK -- used first overload
// When written with optionals, correctly an error
fn(x.diff);

/* WRONG */
interface Moment {
    utcOffset(): number;
    utcOffset(b: number): Moment;
    utcOffset(b: string): Moment;
}

/* OK */
interface Moment {
    utcOffset(): number;
    utcOffset(b: number|string): Moment;
}

function fn(x: string): void;
function fn(x: number): void;
function fn(x: number|string) {
    // When written with separate overloads, incorrectly an error
    // When written with union types, correctly OK
    return moment().utcOffset(x);
}

function getGreeting() {
    return "howdy";
}
class MyGreeter extends Greeter { }

greet("hello");
greet(getGreeting);
greet(new MyGreeter());

type GreetingLike = string | (() => string) | MyGreeter;

declare function greet(g: GreetingLike): void;

const g = new Greeter("Hello");
g.log({ verbose: true });
g.alert({ modal: false, title: "Current Greeting" });

declare namespace GreetingLib {
    interface LogOptions {
        verbose?: boolean;
    }
    interface AlertOptions {
        modal: boolean;
        title?: string;
        color?: string;
    }
}

declare namespace GreetingLib.Options {
    // Refer to via GreetingLib.Options.Log
    interface Log {
        verbose?: boolean;
    }
    interface Alert {
        modal: boolean;
        title?: string;
        color?: string;
    }
}

const myGreeter = new Greeter("hello, world");
myGreeter.greeting = "howdy";
myGreeter.showGreeting();

class SpecialGreeter extends Greeter {
    constructor() {
        super("Very special greetings");
    }
}

declare class Greeter {
    constructor(greeting: string);

    greeting: string;
    showGreeting(): void;
}

console.log("Half the number of widgets is " + (foo / 2));

/** The number of widgets present */
declare var foo: number;

greet("hello, world");

declare function greet(greeting: string): void;

let result = myLib.makeGreeting("hello, world");
console.log("The computed greeting is:" + result);

let count = myLib.numberOfGreetings;

declare namespace myLib {
    function makeGreeting(s: string): string;
    let numberOfGreetings: number;
}

let x: Widget = getWidget(43);

let arr: Widget[] = getWidget("all of them");

declare function getWidget(n: number): Widget;
declare function getWidget(s: string): Widget[];

greet({
  greeting: "hello world",
  duration: 4000
});

interface GreetingSettings {
  greeting: string;
  duration?: number;
  color?: string;
}

declare function greet(setting: GreetingSettings): void;

/// <reference types="moment" />

function getThing(): moment;

import * as someLib from 'someLib';

declare namespace cats {
    interface KittySettings { }
}

// at top-level
interface CatsKittySettings { }

import exp = require("express");
var app = exp();

var x = "hello, world";
// Creates new methods on built-in types
console.log(x.startsWithHello());

var y = [1, 2, 3];
// Creates new methods on built-in types
console.log(y.reverseAndSort());

// 'require' call that doesn't use its return value
var unused = require("magic-string-time");
/* or */
require("magic-string-time");

var x = "hello, world";
// Creates new methods on built-in types
console.log(x.startsWithHello());

var y = [1, 2, 3];
// Creates new methods on built-in types
console.log(y.reverseAndSort());

/// <reference types="someLib" />

function getThing(): someLib.thing;

import * as moment from "moment";

function getThing(): moment;